I strongly suspect someone from ad industry will start offering an option to serve a heavily obfuscated WASM-based rendering engine to render the website, with obligatory promises that it "protects the integrity of your content", "stops the AI crawl theft", and of course it also "lowers development costs by ensuring consistent rendering across all platforms".
/s, obviously
Why not just take a screenshot yourself and use an image tag to render the image without using puppeteers?
You can add a small CSS media query for showing different sizes of images for different types of devices.
Why do you even need puppeteer for above basic things?
In the future I imagine that there will be biometrically secure browsers that will be required for top security applications, that can guarantee that a single physical person is actually physically present while using it.